ʥ  Vol.6  ˮ


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Ϊڶŷ򼧣λӵλ֮
˱ԼᣬΪеʮԽ
ԼΪƷǺŷΪķޣ
˵Ҳ֮ʧ򼧵õ֮󣬱¶ĺŷ顣
ϲŷ򼧸е㵵ٶȣʼ׼ˡ
ڴʱĽŷϣ¶ȣȴŷһʧˣ



ʥ  ˮ

Ŀ

1  ϣ¶ȵķ
2  °ߵ
3  ֶġƷ
4  ﲮصʹ
5  Ԫ
6  
7  Կ
8  ŷ˾




ʥ Ҫǳ


Ĺλ̳˵ֱ󣬻ʹõüŮҪ巨飬ŷ

ŷ
˹ǵĵڶӣȻԸ˳ȴӡŷ˹׶˸ѵõޣӵʥʸ


һӣ⣬õ޲ص˹ǡ

巨ʿ
ӣʱָϣ¶ȵǸıԼҡ

ϣ¶
򼧵ãлǰһδ˽


ŷ˵Ľ㣬޵ĹƺǳΪħŮ



ʥ  ˮ



ڱϢĴ֮£ˡ
źɫԵˮȴš
һؿԼĽ
һУҪѼֱȵ컹ѡ
ڴĿ֮ǰ϶ѷɡ
֪䣬µúܲ
淢ɳɳɳ͸ָֻԭ״

۹ˡ

Ϊ˴ʹ˳
ҲǱƲѡ
һ˸ɫâˮΣԡ档
ĵ漴
ȷӲ֮תȥˡ
Ŀǰǵÿ䶼ڲ״̬
֮ǰ»һֱɡ
ʹˣ̶ȵҲ㲻ʲô
δֵĶȣֵһᡣ
ĶҪԼС
ǱһжҪмֵ
޴ȴûκ˲
ܹʵԸģֻԼ

ĻѾҿˡ



1  ϣ¶ȵķ

ǺԤط
µĿˬ糿
۰
žֵĽһ컨
򼧴ϵͬʱҲ˫ۡ
һһ۾ͿĹ⾰
ء
һͷĿɫ𷢣򼧵ޱϽͷһҲꡪǽ˹ǵĵڶŷ
һûʲô񾭡
ģҲãʹûµŮ뷿֮Ŀ鶼˵ڲ֪УѾϰŷԤˡ

Դδȫѵ򼧣ͶȻԼϵŷ
ƺ̫һ
ʲô𣿡
һɻעŷ򼧵ķʣһֱգ۵ɫ΢΢ضһ¡
һͿҵıˡ
˭
㡢á
ɶ
ϣ¶ȣ
ʱŷͷס򼧵֣¶顣
ô죿Ҷûн飬ͺŮͬˡǺʱϴģһӡûС
ƽ򼧡
Ȼ߳ĵĻΪʲôһ˼һǰ״ôŮĹ뷿ѹ
Ůϣ˼˵ֻҲûнҮΪʲôǵĴɣ
϶˳ŷһٰ֮´ɡ֮ûôҪΪŷᵽ
򼧵Ժֳ︡ǰʱԼ۰áϣ¶ȵò
ȥһӵһͷں㷢Ů򼧵δ˽Ϊ˼Ŀѣʹͷɫȫһˡ
ԸҲˡ
ȥǸȻЩԣȴ򼧸ǢãѾ򼧵һɶˡ
ʣµֻж򼧵С
ежԴڶ򼧵ľġ
Ȼڡ
ڻʹֶ𡭡ϣ¶ȡ
ڴĺԼȥã򼧸еʮΡ

һ棬Ϊ˯֮ͷŷͻȻʧӰϣ¶ԵЩá
֮ܶϣ¶ȡ
ڶӵһͷɫŮ˵̡ȻŷϵŮһԡ
Ů˵ıʵǲͳ
ϣ¶ȴȫû򼧵Ļһ¡
һʼȹҵĽ巨µˣ𣿡
ҿû巨ıม
һҲעʱͼ巨ºŷ¶ΪУ
ˣ
λԶǰŸշؽ˹ǵĹͬʱҲŷʮλ֡
ֻ˻һϣ¶Եøˡ
ɴ۾¶ջı飬ҧ촽
㾹Ȼֱܻݽ˵䣬ΪԼѾ𣿡
͸˵
֮ܶѾ¶ˡҪڱ߷ǰΪǿۻۣȻ巨µԽôҲҪŷ£
ʲôߡɲƷҮ
Ҫ̾һĳ嶯ϣ¶ȡ
ϣ¶ȣҪǿζУҲݵ᰸
¼ĹݣεķҲ˼ķ粨
ŷͽ巨ཻҲ򼧺ϣ¶ֻ᰸
Ѿ֣ؾܾˡ
Ϊʲô˸Ӱ
Ҫͷź򼧣ϣ¶ȻͶԲε
㲻˵ŷ½𣿡
ڽ˹ǣһ˵֪ͬ˹ҵġǻİ£ʥ޲Ϊ˵õʥ׳ġƷ
ﲻһúʥ޲߽顣
ֻҪܾΪƷְ𣬻ǿѡ˵¡
Ҳˣϣ¶ȲŻԿڿ˵ŷ򼧴ġ
ϣ¶ôһ˵ԾԼҲвԵ򼧣ɵáһ
ǡǡ
Ŷʱ򼧣ϣ¶ֽŷѣ
˵õʵıúܡΪŷµȴͽ巨½飬һս˹ǵȨˡҪԲֶͬռλӣȻһٳȥж
ı֢ԽԽˡ
򼧴֪ϣ¶ȱûаȫе˭ˡ
巨ȴֲú
˹ǵĵӽ巨ʿˣͲǻŮˡ
иѱ˷ȱ㡣˵õϣ¶ȵ֮󣬶Ͷϣ¶ȲŲˡ
ϣ¶ʲô£ǳ׷ŷܣҲ϶й
̬ȷϣ¶
ϣ¶Ȱ˳Ϊ򼧶Խ巨ʲôԽ巨ĲŻ᲻Լϡ
巨ϣ¶ȵĻҲͲݱ䵽ֵز
ϣ¶ѾЩԱˡ
򼧼á
˵ϣ¶ȡŷҲúŵģҲӦһ·ִ硪
ʱϣ¶ȴ򼧵ķԣʪŷ
ôءû°ɣŷ¡ŷǸˣԲڲ˵ģ԰ɣ
⡢
ϣ¶ȿҪ޳ģŷԵеϣ¶ȼ״Ѹסŷ֣ŷͶ
ѵ𣿡
ôһʣŷȻû취ѻ˵̫
ϣ¶ס˫֣ŷһð亹һҡͷ
Ҳû㡭˵Ҫá
ϣ¶֮󣬶ۿ
ŷ̫ˡһ˽ҵĸܶ԰ɡҡҡھúܡù¶òüįม
ŷæοµϣ¶ȣϣ¶ҲԽԽŷֱϿ
һĻ򼧵Ķʱζӳ¡
˵һ롣
簮巨˵
巨ȷʵҪΪƷϣ¶ȣϣ¶ȴʺϳΪ巨ӡ
۶ɥʧϣ¶ȣȻѾԼ׽򼧶ϵˣǰʱϣ¶ȿڱܺǻĻ³ġ
ϲԼԷϧϣ¶˵ǲܺͽ巨ָԵ˺ϵġ
ˣݲŻ˵򼧱Ƚʺϵ巨ӡ
ԭλ̳˵ֱ򼧣׷飬ӹҵδ
ͬģֻԵλȤĽ巨ڹϾͱȽϡ
һ棬ŷҲһúƴϣ¶ȡ
뵽һˡ
ֻ򼧶ԣΪŷԼǾԲܼ޸巨Ϊ޵ġ
Ȼһֱȡ̬ȣƱ޷ܡ
򼧲еɥ
ȻҲ𡭡
̾Ϣš
֮Բŷ飬ʵûʲô̵Ŀ
ʹ־ԭǳڶķʶԼӵŮġ
͵͵ڰοϣ¶ȵŷһۡ
˵ӦǸ޿޵Ķ
ΪӣòӢŷǰ򼧵Ϊȿ
ȻΪЩԺȴǱž޴
ʹȻѵɽһߣڵ˵Ҳʲô޷˷⡣
𡭡
ʵǼֲԸԼ̫ˡ
λʲôϡ溱¡
ǰδҲǸĸѡ
ֻҪǶ룬ûʲôԥġ
Ͼŷ縺⣬ҲӦùͬԵˡ
Ȼˡ
Ǵŷߺأֻǡþ򣬺ŷء͸Խ
Խ˼Խǿա



Źһϣ򼧾;þ൱ƣ͡
ŷҲһ
ءˡ
ղŷϣ¶ϰ죬òײŰط䡣
ſ򼧷ڵϡһҲĽ˹ǵڶӣҲǺãֻܽŮΪݺ衣
˼鷳
ŷϣ¶ľƺѾƣˡ
λֻҪ΢ܵ䣬ͻؿŮŷȫûм֮
ȻãҲû취
ͻȻŷʵ
Ȼȥݿô׷ܣʼٸ߾
򼧵Ļŷϸֳ顣
ûõġǸ˱ԹҲֻøȤˣ㲻ûʹȥɿء
Խĸ֪ĵŷƵҡҡͷ
ʲôԭ򣬽˹ǵλǰƺ̧ͷ
˹ǵ֮УΨһܹʹŮԡݵĴڣڵ˵Ȼһա
Ȼû֪ĺ«ʲôҩʼֻһΪôܽ巨ͽ˹롣
һ򼧸е൱˼顣
˹ӡ
Ҳ˭ӵױȵľ޴
ټλӶޣ߱Ϊʥ̳λʸ
ͬȵ£ȴΨվڵӽ巨ʿǱߣεܳΪ˹ǹ
Ӳǰ߾ǵʯ
ŷԽԽԽ»
ֻҪλø巨͵ˣҲλûȤɣ
򼧵ķʣŷͷ
š˳ĻһƲġʱ㲻ûø㡣
򼧵Ժֳ︡˹ǵһӵס
ȷ
ǸΨҶºֱײӣͽ巨ĹϵȶӡԭڸϾ൱ˣټ巨ϳôܵĵ⡣
˫ĿǰΪֹ֮ûб̫ĳͻҪ鹦ŷĴڡ
ǣƵ״̬£ǿƽ⣬ʱŷѡ˳ĻΡ
򼧾Ͳɵô˸
˹ǵĳʲôʾ𣿡
Ϊ˦õٶŷʡֻŷԴش
ҲӦҲϣ巨̳λɡϾǸԣִŷ˾Σӡ
仰򼧵һӰ
ӡŷڵһ˸ŷ˾𵥴ƻΪ׶Σա
ΪĳЩأʹŷ˸ĻҿܶҲ˵Ĳһֱŷ
ȻĿǰȶΪӡŷ˾ԿףŷʵΪֹķ粨Ҳ൱һ㡣
ʲôʱֻ
أҲΪγٳٲӵº͵ŷ̳λˡ
ٿ巨ȻõޣΪƷϣ¶ȴҲ˲Ҫء
ͷͬʱ١˹ǣԭǰδŵ̬ˣολӶŲͬ⣬Ծ˭̳λֱڶûۡ
һҲܳûйԽҲ¯ˡ
Ȼ
ʱð⣬̬һøҵġ
Ƶ׽ź裬̾һ

۲ͼ

ǽˡ
ף
ͻķԣŷ¶˴㵵ı顣
顭˭˭
Һ֮⻹˭
򼧵Ļŷɵۡ¸˲䣬ŷӷ˿졣
ᡢ顭򼧺ң
ڲ飬Ҳ֪֡
û£򼧣ڿЦ
ΪһĻϣ¶ȶҲᰲһ㡭ҲӦûǵԽ
ôһ˵ŷվ
򼧵֡
֪ˡȥұ棡
ŷ̬ת֮죬ȫϲ
ȡһ£òôɣ
׻˵²˳ó㻹ûı֮ǰٰС
ǰϣ¶ɵƣ˲ʧӰ٣ŷϸֳϲԽı顣
ɲ;ม
š
ȥ׼
׼׼
ܻкܶ෱ĳ򼰹أ㲻õģȫˡ
ҾáòôСɡ
ĻɴҲرУ
Ҹû뵽ôĲ֡
оһע⣬һоͻתۼƵģ򼧻ŵվ
ŷѾ׼ʵһжˡ
һޡ򼧴úϢˣټ
ĿŷźϽȻͬ첽ȥ룺
̫ˡ
뵭ĺ֮С
ȻѾ˵ˣµҲջء
ʱͻȻע⵽վԼԡжûŮ
ԡλΪɣڷϺ֮󣬾ͻصСҵŮȣ֪ʱ˳
¡¶ˣ
桢ȣʲôʱ򡭡
Ѳװ뿪ֳʵڰ͵𣿾򼧸еȲѵʱȽס򼧵֡
˲ҵȴþúþˡ¡Ҫŷ¡
˵ƺǸп֣ԵЩʡ
ȻλĹϵһֱܽ˵ģ̫ˣλһԡϲ¡ףǰúϣСȻǻĬĬΪ̹µġ
᲻̫Сˡ
ȷʵ鰡Щÿ춼ڵȴ˲䵽ʱĵȵҪˡҺùһǵľˣҿɲţøϽϲѶɹСϾдšˡСʧˣ
һ£˵Щ̫硪
æҪֹŮǼӵŮŷһĲһ̵سڵСҡ

ܲˡΪʲôÿ˵ĸԶô갡
û뵽ѿڶһ仰Ȼᵼ̬ݱ
ԭֻҪ״ѣ
ܾһʰ
򼧴վԭأͷӿһĪĲ
ʱͻȻߵߵ죬򼧷Ե̧ͷ
¸˲䣬ǰľŵ򼧣˳־ӣڳ̬
Ϊһ˾ȵӰ



ð¡
ߴߴǰδʹ򿪴ڡ
ƿԵؿλӴķÿ͡
ﲮأ
ͷͫ׶ƽĵɫȴɢĳֶصķΧ˾ǽ˹ƶĳ̵ĵ
ʱ򼧵Ժֳ︡һ⾰
Ҽǵʱ򡭡
ϴξϣ¶ȵ¼ʱ
Ӧͱϣ¶ȵǸɱ˲Ŷԡ
ÿ£Ǹе൱ʹû뵽Ȼֳǰ
⡢컯֮£ð𣡣
״εķԺﲮеŵɦɦͷ
ǵģ˵ʲôһû𣿡
һһ
ס
һнء
˵̧˵ţһ㵡
ǡȷʵʱ򡭡
ϵͷų׶⣬Ӧýﲮʬ޴˲Ŷԡ
֤ݾԴ֮򼧾ҲûﲮصӰоϢ
Ȼ
ʱɳһۡ
ѡѲֻװѣ
˵ڵͬʱ򼧱ԼĲ²û
Ӹʶʱʼ͸һӡ
Ȼ˹ҵλҲǳŵǰλء
תƵԪռܹµطԭ磬ôװ˵Ҳ練ơ
򼧵ʣﲮֻ赭дش
²Ҫɡ
ۣʲô±¸Ҫģ㵽װѱ˵ĵ鵱ʲôˣ
˻һ
ᵣ𣿡
ﲮ˫ֻأԴ
ף
ҲôҮ
߳ԼͶЩ

ҿͶԵò٣θڼȺֺо˵ΪˣҴܴءȻ֮䲻磬ҲΪҵû뵽˲ҵһ¡
Ϊڼַ˺ܶ¡
׵ġΪ飬һҲʲô԰ɣ
һʱֽ֮š
֪㻹ţĺܸมģ
˵һΪʲô֪ҵһһ
Ȼ˵ʳָơ
һ¡òᰵмҰɣ
ôһʣѽһ¶ˬʵı顣
Ϊѵл԰ݼ˹ҵڲףںĵʹ֮¡
֡˵ֺ͵û飬ΰ쵽ģ
Ҫڽ˹ǹ˵ΪΪ̸ף
򼧱ȫûб˼ӵĸо
ﲮֱ˵ػش򼧣
ܡ
̲סбԹ
һδ̫˰ɡ
μʱ򼧾;ز¶ʶԽãָоԽǿҡ
ĵڷŵĶÿҾв˼
ҲڵذϻЩͼΣʩչ˼ķ޷ֵĳȥ硣
Ҳһǲʵ廹˵
㲻óﲮֻǾѣʵڱĵط
Ͼһŷ̫ˡ
ʱͻȻһ¡
˵ʱ򡭡
ǰһ̣һ仰
ߵ˰ɣ
ʱжԵ˵Ǿ仰ʲô˼һֱûлʡΪ¸˲䣬ﲮؾͱˡ
Լڻʡ
ҼǵáʱᵽǹŴġ
˵һ룬ﲮؾѸٵס򼧵͡
ꡪ

򼧵죬ڴһ㣬صƶߡ
Ҫ˵СĸǽжϾɲҵܻذ

ȷ򼧱֮ﲮرɿ֡
ָɵ򼧣ǰͶԲμɻ
򼧾׷ȥ
ĿǰΪֹľ򼧣¶ֱˣô׷ʣҲʲȻ
ĵ̾һ֮˫ֲһ⡣
ôΪʲô
ûʲôĻǲصֵܵطġ
ﲮػش
Ҹġ
Ҹ棿
ϾŷµѣǻеĲ¡
Ĳ¡
Ĳʲôѯʵ򼧣ﲮĳ˵
иֵƺչжˣ߾
ɶ
ôѾȷʵѹޡ׼׷ȥʱﲮֻһ仰ű㳯򼧻˻֡
Ŀɿڴ򼧣ﲮؾôƾʧˡ
һ¡˵ûͷûβģ˭öѻ˵һʧ
򼧷ŭ𣬿صĵûл
ﲮص֮ʱѾǸˡ
ʱȫµѽήڽ˹ǡ



2  °ߵ

ҪҶ¡
÷ʦ¶˰ٵı飬ϵϵĴײش
άƣ΢̧ߡ
򼧹Թָʾ̧ߡ
ڲ÷ʦ֮𽥳ֳȴԴ˸еʮɻ
ŹһҮ
ѿ˵ǽˡ仰ֻ˶̶һ졣
ŷȥ󣬲ʱ䣬͢ڵڳ׷õأŮҲǰֻĸˡ
һ磬ֱǰɴĲ÷ʦڵͷתġ
οûкŷú̸ϻ᲻չ̫
򼧵Ժиŷס
ĶԻȥһоͻתۼ²⣬ƺ򼧶ˡ
ȻһԼģµҲ㳷ǰԣ򼧻ϣŷܸһʱ׼
ÿһǰ̽򼧵ŷȴٳû
ܾЩ޷ͻ򼧿ѯʣ
ŷôˣ
һλ÷ʦԣЦػش
ӵĿǰںͳۻˡ

ƽ̵ҪΪʲôƫƫʱǸŻչֳ˾˵ж
ƴ򾲣Լ˼һŻҡ
ͻȻ䣬һˡ
һλŮڡ
ô£ͣ
ϣ¶ȡ
ϣ¶ȡ
򼧿ɫϣ¶ȣ¶һ·𱻰һı飬һ
ӡ鷳ˡ
亹ֱϣ¶ȹȻԤеķӦִ򼧣
˵Ҫŷ½顭⾿ô£
˵ϣ¶ע⵽ϵĴײϼ÷ʦɵõɴ˫ۡ
ȻѾڶɴˣĶ졭
ϣ¶Ƚյ˫ȭסز򼧶ʱ֪롣
ǡ
ǹҫҿĶ԰ɣôô۵أ
ûǸ˼
밲ϣ¶ȵû뵽Ӽŭ
Ϊ˻ᣬ򼧽ͣ
Ϊ˵Ըŷ飬Żỳڴ巨⡣ֻҪҺŷĻӦþͿ԰ĵغͽ巨һˡ
˻һֻϣ¶Ƚҧ촽
巨϶ȫԺˡ
ҡӦûȻĸȷʵе⣬ϵ˹ҵ飬ǲSġӦáҶԽ˹˵ĴǲɻȱġԽ巨һʮ㡣
ֻԶԷĸҪ˵ϣ¶Ȱ췽ҹ̷򼧿ⲻȥᵽһ㡣
ϣ¶֮˵ü
巨¡ң
û巨ǳҪΪʥ̳λΪҪޡȻֻܹҪĶܲ㡣Ǽһ֮Կô䵭ǸԵԵʡ֤ݾǡпǼһԴ𣿡
⡭
˲ɣ򼧽˵
ûаɣ˵ǸԭָԡֻҪѧųһ㡪
ûܰѻ˵꣬Ϊϣ¶ȵһۡ
Ȼˣҷ벻͸ˡ
ף
˽巨ҪĶΪʲô巨ȴϸһأ˵ӦҪܵزŶ԰ɣ
Ϊ
һ£ϣ¶ȵĸԣü˵ʽʾ˵ʲô޷ܵġ
ŷ£ôûãǳᡣǰ˳λ̫ƻˣȻҸʶŷ£ӡƷĽǶұȽ㡣
Ϊҵδ˽ˣϣ¶ȵȡ̲֮סҪ˷ôֻøӶѣֻǿסӡ
֮ܶһŷģͺúúͽ巨ദɡֻҪѧһ㣬ú÷ֽ巨ĻǾͻ˳ʥƺԼ˹λսҲ֧Ϊ
ſڿˡҲϵģһҵĵʱ򣬰ҪĶȫŪֶ԰ɣ̴ˣµ˵ʲôҲҪֹⳡ㿴
仰ϣ¶ȵת
š¶ȡ
æҪǰ׷ϣϵĲ÷ʦץţ޷
򼧵£ҪҶ
СĻᱻ˵ġ
ڲ˵ֻʱˣϣ¶
ȻͼѵϵĲϣȴ⵽÷ʦǼֹ
ŷ·ԸҪĻɴϵĻǻŵġ
˵ҡιϣ¶ȣһ£˵𣡡
Ȼסϣ¶ȣϧûдȥϣ¶ȶ



ȹæµʱ̣÷ʦ뿪ܵһˡ
ǿҵѸ֣̱ڳϵʱͻȻһһλŮ߽˷ڡ
΢΢ڳӭҡҷ߽ŷͬĸĽݡ
¼Ľ˹ҵʮ
ͬʱҲⳡɧʼٸߡ
ޣħŮһŮԡ
򼧡
򼧾ʧŵĲߵǰ󣬱Եλ

۲ͼ

һ˫Сƽϡ
Ҫŷ飿
һ˫ӣڲ֪б߻ǡæƴ˦ͷ
Уҵһ㡣
Ҫʱǣűߣֻøˡ
򼧵ͷ
ǵġ
ݰͷ΢΢һƫ
ҲΪϣġΪŷĸ鲢ǰ顣֮Ի־һΪϣ¶ȶ԰ɣ
ֱΪݣ򼧲ɵ룺Ȼ¶֪ΪʲôȰȰϣ¶أ
ݵĻܹסϣ¶ҡڲİɡΪϣ¶ĽĶݣ׽򼧡
ô׵ؾº㲻ڣ
ݵѯʣ򼧴
ٲҺڡ
֮̾һ
ҵڻǾý巨Ƚʺ㡣
Ƿ˵ҡҡͷ
巨Ѿϣ¶ˡȻԼѡģ͵øβСô
ôһ˵ݵʱԵЩ
š˵û
᰸̫ΥˡҳԭǲŷģǲΪŷܶ˭ʱҶͷ
򼧲ǰδܵĴҪϻһ飬˵ֱǿѡ
Ȼ˹ǵһҲȴԭ֮һҪԭľ⡣
ȻΪŷġƷҲʹҲ뿪ŷߡôҪ鲻ɵĻԸѡŷ
ˡ׵ȫҺƽûбҪ˴˵Ĺϵӻˡ
ڵϣ¶ȷʵǲദҲ޷⡣ֻҪ巨һĻϣ¶һ
ʱݴ򼧵ķԡ
ǺӲС
˵ն򼧲ס
ȻǸɰŮȻǲУֻ΢ܵ巨ѣһľƮŷȥˡ
ԭǳڽ巨ԼҪõϣ¶ȵҮһȡ֮󣬾Ͷϣ¶֮㻻ϣ¶ŮҲͬе
ǸŮûܣյԤ޸巨ý˹ǵޡ١ĻȻۡ巨ӦҲԼķʽ۰ɡ
ָϣ¶Ⱥͱ˽һ¡һصСĹȻΪ˹ӵδ򣬺ͱ˽
֪ʵʱ򣬽巨Ҫƽ
ϣ¶ȷʵԭ¡

Ϊϣ¶߹һԽ巨ڻڻһжԹˮ½ϣ¶ȵˣǽ巨𣿡
򼧵ʣݵϸֳЩŵ΢Ц
ǰ˵ûн巨޷ɵĲ֡ϣ¶ǸԶȽ巨лҪѲŮӡ
ΪԼ⣬Ծϣ¶𣿡
˵򼧵ͷȼһ˿ŭ⡣
ѵ̬ѡϣ¶ȵƷҲδ̫˰ɣ
Ҳ޿ɺǵģʹˡϣ¶ȻǲСһҷǳǺڵľٶһĿȻˡ
ֻҪ巨΢⣬ͳ׷ŷޡ˵¶Ц
ȥҳᶯҡġ
һᡭҡ
޷˵Ļ
ʹϣȥҲֻ̬øӸӣҸ㲻û˹ǹڵķ
Ʒάֲ䣬µȴԵּͬȲ᰸Ƚ𶯵ɣ
ϾλӶԹƵǿݵ᰸˴֮ĸӹϵԼصǿҲᵼ¹еαڸΪҡ
ôûע⵽һ㡣
̽Ƶع۲ݵı顣
򼧣ݸһЦ
ͬǶҡӻȽϺءΪŷԻúƴϣ¶ȡһ棬ϣ¶ɿŷλҰģŷһԲΪһжƽĻϣ¶˵õġ
˵ע򼧵
ڻüȡɡֻҪ㿪ڣŷҲĵġ
սȭͷ
Ұ첻
ȻѾŷˣ򼧾Ͳ
οŷô˵ģҲŷʧ
ûҪô
ʲôͼڵ޹ء
ôһ˵ݵɫʱһӰ
ǲǵѡร򼧡ŷκ˶ûôֻ˲Ҷѡ
򼧻޷ݵ֮⡣
ΪԼѡŷͻ˲ҡ
ʹˣԼоõ˵ĻƺǿвҲǹŪ顣
ݵĻ˷ֲʵ
еȴʼһ
ڱεĻ֮У͸©һʵ
ֻ͸㡣
򼧵дм㯺¶΢Цվ
ϸǿɣ򼧡
һжȡѡม
򼧶ϸ˵仰֮ݱ뿪ˡ



ڳϡǰŷķ䡣
ѾϰңԶ·ˡ
ҪոҹĽ˹ǹڲ죬Ϊ˵˵Ȼǳѣڹסһʱټס˼ͨ·
ÿʱΪ鱨ͨŮȵ̽յĳɹ
Ȼ˹ǵǶӵкü䣬ŷסͬһ䡣
ҪʹۻˣѡԼķ䡣ڷҲڷ֮ڷǳŷ档
򼧵˼ݵ˵ǣȴǶݵһڻ
ɢеһ㣬˦˦ͷ
֮Ⱥŷ̸̸ɡ
ŷĻҲܹ˽ݻеĺ⡣ϾǴСһ𳤴Ľܡ
ʹѾ˾򼧻޷԰ӵ̬顣
ϣûκιǵӭӻ
һ˼£һƶ
Ȼߵúܿ죬˫ķԶȻ˲ʱ䡣
򼧵ִŷķš
ŷûƽһǰš
Īǡڣ
ɻҪԴŵʱ򡪡
ͻȻĲҽ

ѽ

Ϥ򼧶ʱһ
ϣϣ¶ȡ
æţ˷
¸˲䣬綳һ㣬ֹͣ˶
ǹڷڵһǣ¶ֵı飬̱ڵϡ
ǵȫڷ롣
ѣĿĹâڷͬƵתţŷϣ¶Ⱦλڹâλá
ϣ¶Ϊ־ץŷ壬ŷ뱣һ㣬ڻС
ʲ
ʱŷͻȻ̧ͷ
ͳĿ
ŷſ죬˵ʲôƵġ
ŷûܴ򼧡
¸˲䣬·Ĺ֮ٿؽŰΧŷϣ¶ȾôʧӰ

ͻĹ⾰򼧲ɵĿɿڴ˰ΣŻع
Ȼ̱ڷĽ䡢һãȻĳλʵ
ô£Ǿǡ
ôһʣ󳼲ѹڴ
ǡǡ
ȻȻ£󳼻Ǽ˵ȥ
ǺŷŻ˵ʱϣ¶ȵͻȻ˽ϣ¶ȵ¿鲻Ǻܺãŷ±ŰšͻȻһΧסϣ¶ȵ¡ŷҪϣ¶ȵ£ȴâ֡͡
˵ƺԼ˵Ļĺ⡣
ѡѲɡв֮ͽ˹ڲ
˻һۼڷڵҲʼɧ
ɵˣôܻ˸Ҷҹ˹˵Ϊ֮£
ӵȷʵƾʧˣǵǰ
ҲΪǸŷ»޵ֿؾͱ˸°ߣ
ҡĴǿʼ
۵һ룬ע⵽һʵ
ô
һ˷ĳ
ɲɣƫƫǽ巨ŷͬʱʧ
һ͵ͬʱʧȥͷ𡭡
Ǿ֪Ǻã¶һĪչı飬顣
˹ǵδʲôӣ
°ߵŷ¾Ͳ˵ˣʧȥƷĽ巨Ҳͬɥʧʥʸ񡭡
Ƕʵе㵲ѡ
硢˵²͡
ǡòᣡ
ȻλɥʧʸʣµҲֻλˡ
ʱĳ󳼱ͷ
ɡʣµƫƫ£
⡢ˣ²ˣ
ӱŷϣ¶ʧһ£Ҳʧȥһ㣬Ǹеֻš
λֻ̳ʣƻʵǸ
ֽڹˣЩ˻˵ʲô
ǰҪӦò̸°ɣ
ŷϣ¶˵ǰͬʱʧǱĳ˸ܵġ
Ҳ˵˹ǵжԵĹܹõֻõһˡ
ʹŷҲ޷׿Ĵڡ
Ѳɡ
еǸ֡
Ǽһ
Ǹ˽ǰδϡֶ֪Ĵڡ
֮⣬Ҳ벻µˡ
ϣ¶ڽδͽ巨Ļ£ջδһͬ˽;Сĳ֪ץסϣ¶ȡ
һޡ١ϣ¶ڵ֮С
λӵڽ˹λӵĿ
ԳǹȥĹŴĩᣬ̲Ϊˮ̫֮
Ϊ˸ѾĹŴͬͼȡܹԿ˹ǵޡ
ӵ֮˵ϣ¶ȣŻᱻѡΪ޵ġƷ
ͽ˹Զ֮ޣʵǸյõ֡
ˣ޺Թš١ڽ˹ǵޣŽȻͬԡ
յõޣԼѡԼߡ
ɡƷѡˣܳΪԼߡ
Ҫõޣͱϣ¶ȵġ߱㸽ϣ¶ꡪͬʱҲ򼧹ȥδϡ
ȴΪ巨Եʶһ
Ϊϣ¶ѡĶ󲢷ǽ巨
޾ôø˽巨ŴĩҲ޼ƿʩ򼧱ΪԷԹԴùġ
Ǹˡѵû𣿣
޺ϣ¶ڽ˹ˡ
ȻˣԷΪʲôҪô
򼧽ҧ촽
巨ԼġƷ䲻ˣǼһﵽʲô
Ժиֳ˹ǵӵף򼧲н



3  ֶġƷ

򼧽ϣ
УȻ
̲סݺݵصǰĺ顣
ڰ˳˸ɡΪ˷ֹй©鱨
˹ڵĳһҡһͷھɽ˹ǵĴٿĽ顣
۽ķ롣
֪ģ򼧲ûл׼ڡ˵ȻǾˡοڽ˹ңŮԵ൱ش飬򼧾Թ۶
ȺʵйС
򼧲һ
°ߵ˿ԼĽҮ΢ͨһѵ
ڴʱһյĽŲ򼧵ı
ֵطʲô
һ򼧻Żŵתȥ
ֻǰվһλ翸󽣡һյĺڷꡣ
˾ǽ˹ĵһӣࡣ
Ǹһӡ˫ۣ˸ȸԾĹâ

۲ͼ

ͻȻĽ˹ǵһӣ򼧲еɻ
ҲҪΪʲôء
򼧱ΪʹǶڷ顣
ѲɡҲܽȥ𣿡
֮󣬲֪Ϊȴ¶Цݡ
˵ǰͷҿûбżมΪν巨Ҳͷ
Ļش򼧾Ȳѡ
巨Ҳųڻ֮⣿
Ϣ˵ʮ⡣
ܴĸǶȿ˹Ƕһɵӽ巨ʿʵȨӡ󡣽ҪĻʱпܽų𣿸οα°ߵ˻ġƷ
Ϊʲôǻᱻų⣿
Ʋסͷʣ򼧿ʵ
Ҳʲôٰʱͨǲμӡ
˵µʼ硣
ͷһ˵򼧣ɵ۾
ڽ˹ʥȨǾԵġˣпվڹҶԲܱųҪ֮⣬Ȼһȴǳ
Ϊʲô
̲ס׷ʡ
ֻ΢΢
ΪЩ󳼵Ļֳ
ֳ
ȺûֵĵС˳ǺҺͽ巨һԲϣᵱְɣ
仰򼧶ʱȻ
ӵʥ޵ǲĻ飬㲻û齫޷ƽĻǴǵġ
Ҫĸ۵Լһ֮µٻʥޣ˶Ҫˡ
ǸĶ˭ϥҲ֪
򼧽߻ƵϡȻﲢû򼧵ߣԹԵسſȥ
ǵĵƺǶġ
һ˵꣬ͻȻԭڼϵĴ󽣡
ֱʱ򼧲ע⵽ϵĴʵ״̬
ڵ˵ҪԤһжֱͳԷһ򵥡
ϣſڸ߾ٴ󽣺ֽ̻š
ס֡
򼧷ԵҪֹڴʱȺӰ˶
ֱҳǲôð˳һȺ˷Ѿţ֮òײס
ɲ£
˵ⳡĿʲô𣿡
΢һ㣡
ǰĹ⾰˰Ρ
⵽ô°
ôһʣ˷ֽŷסжͦţһ
ô¡ò׵ȵµļһʧΪүʱҪˡ˭ÿ˶ҪٵȵȡٵȵȣҪ
һ߻شһ߻ϵĴ󽣣ȫѼҳǵֹ
µʸ̳λ˳֮⻹˭οǳҮҼλ쾭ģȻȺΪʲôϵڶٳʵٲһĴ𸲣Ҿͽͳͳ䵽ȥ
֮ⷬͻȻеԴһѣ
ŷϣ¶ʧ٣ԼĵҲͬʧһȻֲ֧ǴǳٳٲԸƾԼΪȴе൱ջ
Ӹղʼάһõı飬ƺǱǰ
˵
򼧻ŷϣ¶ȱ°ʱǾʧģ
֪Լҵλֻ̳ʣһ˵ʱ˶ɫࡣ
ǵʱķӦԭеͬǰλһӡϸ룬ǻķӦҲȻġ
ץﲻŵļҳǣΪ˰᲻ˣʹȰ⡣
סҶס
ᶯŭҲ޿ɺǵġ
Ǵǻڽл鵱УҿȻطȥɣ
ϧ޶ԡ
ҲҪ
ôԲҪ
ҳѾҪ޳ˡ
Ⱥǵ̷˲ɵļҳ򼧴ĵ׸еͬ顣
ڵһӺļҳǳֲ֡µʱһֱŵͻȻˡĸ¸죬ǹ˵
ֳʱѻȸ
ڳ˵ߣڲ࿪ϡ
ųصĽŲ½ӷ˳
ޣλﰡ
ڵע⵽򼧵һλ󳼡
ղһֱȡ֣üҳ͸ԽĵһӣʱƺѾƽ̿ʵ
֣۵ĽΣ
ʣϼĴ󳼻ص˵ͷ
ʥѡһΪѾ˷ϲɵʱ̡ǱεĻᣬֳһۡ
֮ⷬ򼧵¶ףı顣
ʥѡ
ϵĻش򼧵ס
ȡһ£ղŵĻ鲻ξȳŷϣ¶ȣҪ˭ʥ𣿣
򼧶ʱ˵
ͻȻһҪͷĳ嶯򼧶ʱͷۻվȡ
ûи֮ǰӦûиҪҪɣ
ֻϧǲûĵź
Ծһıվԭء
ԹʥļλʽµӾС¸֮յʱ˻ûлĻǱ⣬ʱǵ¼λ
ǴĽۡ
֮󣬴ڣһصһָ
¸ʱҵԸȡѽڴһ̵ĵ
˸߲ҵƺȫû˵ġǱ⡻⼸֡
ϸֳ˷ޱȵı飬ؽϵĴ¿ؼϣ˵һ֮󣬱תȥ
ļҳһѷ׷ȥ
ǡ£һ¡
籩һļš
ԭص򼧣㶵Ŀһȥ
ϲε෴
¡¸¡
ǰ͸״
Ȼʱ䣬һ뵽Ѿ¶ȱڵȻе֡



ǰδе״ѰץһλӣԷԼǰ巨ʿصڴ
˹ǵĵӣλӵ෿䣬Ҿ任סֲϤˣҪҵסǷǳѵġ
򼧵ִ巨סһ۾ͿλԼû·Ϣ
ΪʲôһͲ̶ܹסͬһأȥĲѽ
̤ò˼õķڣδĺҾʱ򼧲ɵøеķҡ
˹ǵûһġʱ˵ĸ롣
ÿλӵĸԶͬûа취ȽϣǻȡһЩ޷ж
ֻ巨λڷһϸ˿ϣŵŶȣһɲɫע򼧡
ֿڷϡյģһְĸо
ʱ򼧸ûȥ巨̬ȣֻæŽ˵һݡ
¸ΪֹѾʣûʱˣ
̲סǰȫɫĵӡ
ˣΪʲô㻹ô򶨰ġƷ°Ү
򼧵ķѣ巨Щͷزһµɫͷ
侲һ㣬ˡ
ô侲ѽ˵ȫĴɣ
ҵĴ
仰ý巨¶Щı顣
Ǹ²ؼ̬ȣ򼧲ŭ
ϣ¶ġƷӦñĴڲŶԣȻ㲻ûбǡΪŷŻ㱻ˮѵ㲻øȻŷǺܲûô˵εӦҪ취
ͱ˵򼧣巨Ȼڳһı顣
Խ巨̬ԽԽŭ򼧣ڰԺָŽ巨ıӣ˵еĲ
Ϊϣ¶֮Żᷢ飡ʶȹϣ¶ȵĻ㲻̬Ͳݱˣ
ϸ룬ϣ¶ȱ°ߣͽ巨֮ƺûʲôڲΪϣ¶ȵ͸Խ˵ѾصˡڼǨŭ巨
򼧵һ󣬽巨ΪȻ˵
޹ءǸ˾صģҲû취
أҪ΢ϣ¶չֳĻ
ѾչֺܴĳˡҪʲôҶ͸ԸӦöʵˡ
ֻҪϵĶ㹻ˣϣ¶ҪܵĶԴ
ѾܵˣҪһ˼ǲܵ¡
巨һͷ˵
֮˫ü
ûл˼Ϲŷȴûֹõ֤ݡ
򼧵ɣ巨һ
ҲΪ˵˾ͻˡ

Ҫƫ̻õ飬ƫ̻ҲҪи޶ȡܹܵסġΪΪѾҶĿˡ
ӽ巨Ļиܲϣ¶һ˿顣
ԣƷҪ̶ֻȶ
ϣ¶ֽĸԣʱΪ򼧶ȥںͽ巨̸֮ƺϣ¶ȻƢˡ
Ȼݽദõԭϣ¶ȡϣ¶ȻҲȻİɣ
˼Į䵭Ľ巨ϣתƵŷϣҲ޿ɺǵġ
Ȼ򼧲ΪǶԵģȴҲΪȫϣ¶ϡ
սȭͷڴʱ
һ
㲻Ҫֽ巨Ͼϣ¶ȱ°ߣʧ˾ǽ巨ˡ
򼧻ͷһݲ֪ʱڷڡ
ҡҷһͷںڵĳֱֱ߽
Ǹеӣ־е
ӲҪ˵˲ĸԴɡ
׷ܣΪҺϣ¶ֵ᰸Żᷢչİɣ
Դ
šŷ֮Իᱻ룬巨Ҳ˵ϣ¶ȾͲͬˡʹʱ巨ڳҲһģ
˭ߣᱻ°ߡݵ˵
οϣ¶ֲСˣܲϰӡڰȫĳڰɣҪǶϣ¶µĻ϶ðġ
ôУǸԽŮ̾һ
֮󣬶ʱƿԡ
ǰһʱ䣬Ϊ˲ý巨ϣ¶ȵĴڣ⽫
ǽĴȴϣ¶Ȳ˼ȵĲ
˭óڵϣ¶жôӦ
ȥġ
Խ˽ȥϣ¶ȣԽǽϣ¶ӵеȱ㡣ʱҪ˵ѡ
ʹˡ
򼧻޷Լڲˡ
ͬʱбȱ˸޴֮ˣ˳˷֮ϣ¶ȣҲ벻ᡣ
ʱһõʡ
°ϣ¶ȵǼһ𣿡
巨̻ؿһۡʵ˭巨ƺȴʼ

⣬˰õ𣿡
ĿǰӦûС
ʲô
ʱ巨΢΢üͷ
ҵֳ֮󣬷һϢ
Ϣ
̹˵ǹϢƺǸ˵ϢЩͬ
һ˫ۡ
Ǹ˵Ϣͬ
ɡô˵˵˭
Ҳ֪
巨ݵػش
ΨһԿ϶ǡԷǳϣ¶ġ
򼧽ҧ촽
Ѿڽ˹ǵˣԷ׻°ϣ¶ʲô
ϣ¶ȵļֵǾ޴֮ˡΪȡޣ֮ͨԽԽáϣ¶ȵ֮Ѽˡ
Ѿ˽巨ͬʱҲ˽˹ǵ
ڵϣ¶Ӧû˰ܵļֵŶԡ
ο֮⣬˭õϣ¶ȡ
ȶϣ¶ȵģǸϵˡǾǸˣڿ巨ٻ޵˲䣬ʧӰˡȻڡ
ҲΪôҪõѾϣ¶ȡ
ע⵽ԼͶʵߣ̾һ
ͺˡ
ݵĵૺ˫㡣ͻȻ֮ǰԼķ˵Ļ
ѵ𡭡
Ҫʵʱȿˡ
Ǻڵޣרڽ˹ǵޡ
˻һٶ˫ۡ
ס
Ǻӵ޺Թ١ڽ˹ǵ֮ӵеĳʶ޷õġ
ݵǿĳεĶƵģһӰ
ڵֻĵĶӦø˽⵽ʲôŶԡ
ĵĶ򡭡
仰˵
ʵ˵巨ʵûеõޡԣӦ˵ϣû˿Ǻڵޡ
֮æ巨
Ȼޱ飬򼧻ǿ΢΢ܵõĽǡ
Ϊʲôʱ巨ȷʵ޽˲𣿡
ûΪʱǺӵĻڽ巨ϡ
ģ
Ȼ˵ȴ㲻ġرϣ¶ָԵŮһ˸ױġ
򼧵۾Ȼôģ˵˾䣺Ѳɡ
ݵͷ
µûϣ¶һģ޵ĳҲ֮滻Ǹ൱ֵġƷ
ݵ仰򼧵һ
ô˵°ķˡ
Ҳ֪һɡ
򼧾ûʧ
ɡ
Զǵء
ʱ巨Ҳ̾һ
ֲΣޣ޷ٽ˹ǵػ񡣡
巨仰򼧳һܾķһвĳּΣյĺ⡣
巨
Բɻ򼧣̾һ
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巨ĮޱȵͶ򼧡
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򼧶ʱȻ
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巨ǡ
׾֤ɲó
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4  ﲮصʹ

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ĿǰΪֹйüνʥ֮ƶľ飬ܵͷһ
ʹˣ򼧻Ǽסµǿܡ
ǲԵʣĿռΪ
ԱʵǽڰСֻǰ󲻶ʯ棬жϳ˵Ӧȡ
ʱͻȻӲ
ôġǣ
ط˲䣬;ﲻԾ
򼧵ĵڶ档
ڼҡ
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ҲҪֻΪ˹ǵĻҵһжᱻǸ˸ߵģ˵ʲô޷ܣ
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֪УɫĹâϣ¶ȵȫһż롣
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Ϊʲôģû巨ͬʥޱϣǳ򼧱־ȻˣôΪС¾ʹùأ
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򼧴ʥޡʧȥʥ޵ڣܲƽص˹ǶǸδ֪
ʥǲں򼧵ġȻý巨ʥ´ʲôʥޱӦԤ֮顣ʥҪִԭҲûҪһж
ʥ޵ʧ򼧵ĲҲһĪչľ
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ûʥޣٻŷ
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ŷҪؽ˹Ӧò¡Ҹ㲻ûܿȳϣ¶ȡ
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ܵŵæعͷȥֻһ͸ղŰΧϣ¶ȵһ۵ӰԼֱ
򼧷ԵذڳӭļʽʼԼСҲûȫ޴״̬
Էһˣ򼧵ǰͣ˽Ų
벻õģҲʲô
˵仰֮󣬶Է㽫ͷϵĺɫñȡ£¶ñµס
Цݵһ򼧸ꡣ

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򼧲û˶ɡ
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Ϊ֮õĹŴĩᡪΪˮԹ˹֮ڹҳ˵ص֮Ȼػ֧
޷ص֪ЦΪĴڡ
׿ء
ǰ곤úǸһģһ



˵ֺǰһ˼ͷ
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׿ڳڵص۾ͷɫǲ԰׵øһֲӡ֮£ǰȴ
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ƿԵ򼧣꿪˵
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ƺԼĳȥ򼧲һ
״¶ŵı飬Դ΢΢һƫ
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͹ȥʶͬòټִ磬򼧶ľԽԽء
λǸղЩ˵ͬ飬͵°ϣ¶ȵĹ
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ϸһķɫͫɫﲮʮԣֻɫ˵ʽԼ׽ʶΪơĪѪԵϵ
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ﲮصĸĳ̶ֳ˽򼧣޷˵ǡ
ο򼧺ﲮҲ㲻϶졭
ȻǼһŷͦġҲΪԤ⵽ŷϣ¶һץߡ
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ѵ˵޷Ǹ𣿡
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ﲮشˡ
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ǻˡ
ȫ˶Ľġֻڵ˵Ļ֮⣬Ҳѡˡ



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ܵʻǽеһ֮ꡪִ߽;խȡ
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״عͷȥȵ۾
Ƶĸдɳһ𽥴򼧵ʧ
¸˲䡪ʱ䶼ûУǰͬڻƵģʧӰ١



5  Ԫ

һãȻشվԭء
ʧˡ
뷨ֻ򼧵Ժͣһӡ
¸˲䣬򼧱㷢Լվں͸ղȫͬĳ
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ˮء¯͵̨װˮľͰϰ״СͬĲ;ߣԼĿĳߡ
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״عͷʱ¶ľ飬ӡ̡
ı鿴ĿⷢƵġ
ʱһǷĳͻ״ˡһ򼧶޷ͻ״򼧲Żᱻ͵
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ϣͬԼǰʧš
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ǣʵ֮ǰʵֽϸСӣͬӰʧˡ

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ڸе֮࣬Լֺһ
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᲻ǰ֮ȫǻþʵԼǴһ
һ뵽򼧲˽⵽ԼĴжôֹۡ
طѰ
Ȼ˹ǹĲ죬Ҳ򼧸еȲѣվĵطݵ쳣
򼧵ĳʶڽ˹ǻǿͨá
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ѵﲮΪʹӦ򼧣ȴûþͱɢˡ
ʥ޲֪ȥϣ¶ٶȱߡҲŷ
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·𱻵ֲָĺڰռУȫøǺá
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򼧣
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Ȼ򼧴һʼΪӲ£Ǽ֮򼧻һ
̫ˡҪءﵽʲôطУĿǰΪֹʲ

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Ҫסŷ֣ȴץ˸ա
Ϥĸо̲ס̫ѨҴͷ
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ԲĪʧˣ
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򼧷ŭ
Դŷһⲻȥɦͷ
ԵĻҲϷɱ򼧵
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ʧڵԹڵʱŷҲһͻȻðҵ䲻ǵԼǾ仰ʱ򣬶ʱڵء
㵹ǲõġ򼧵ĵǣŷص˵ͷ
ȻõģΪʲôֻǾ尡
οƽʱŷԾ״̬жҲа취αװúʵûȻȴȫǾ뱾̫ԶȻŷ൱⣬򼧸ղŷϣ¶ȵĳƶϣŷλӦҲ̫ңԶǡ
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һʻŷϵıԵԽԽš
˺ܶ£úܸӡ
һȻ鷳ˣ
ôˣ
򼧰ʵŷ޾ɵػش
ʵ˲̫ʩչ״̬
׷ôˣҰѻ˵һ㡣
ҵʶԽԽģˣǺ÷Ϻһ򣬸㲻Ѿ첻ˡ
ʲôп첻ˣôͻȻô۰
ΪԺ򼧽ģһݵΰ
˵úʱһ
ôڴ򼧴ɴӡ
ˣΪʲôҪ˵Ļȫ㲻
̲סȥŷ죬Ȼκζ
ŷ¶˵ı򼧡
ǲ̫ģŷģƺЩģЩ͸
ͷһοŷʹ𽥲
㡭ǡ
Ͷʵߣŷ˵
Ҳû취̫á
޹ע򼧡
򼧣òΪңԲŻ׷İɣԲڵҾܲܽƽͻؽ˹Ƕδ֪
ı飬˫ü
˵ʲôˣ㲻ú˵ĻҸ㲻״֮侲ѻ˵
ǡ
飬ŷҲһؿڻػȴûд򼧵Ķ
ŷ˵ЩʲôʱӰȴٿʧˡ
ʲŷ
򼧻ŵسŷ֣Ѿ̫ˡ򼧵־ô˿
û°ۼ



Ŀŷʧ˺һ󣬲ֻع
ڲǷʱˡ
þҵŷС
æƿšдȷʵĸд˽⵽ǰŲǻӰ
ǵģطôô찡
򼧴ź󣬷ŵһǲ
һԶֳִĲԿһεĳڡ
ǶǶϵͨɡ
ǳڻͨҲ޴ӵ֪
ʥ޵ıƶ˺ܳһξ롣㲻ʲôĳҲܹĿռ䲻ͨĹ
Ĺģ㲻Ժͽ˹ǹƥС
ֻһƽ˵򼧣ܹƾԼ˳ҵ֪ںδŷ
ΣǷҲɡ
޷ֻҪҵŷȷϵ׷ʲôˡ̬أŷǲ¶ղֱġ
ȥ˵ϣ¶ˣ㲻ŷΣա
򼧼æԽ׼򿪹εʱ
Ĺ£û°ɣ
ͻȻһѸٻعͷȥֻԼ
ϳ˹ȥ
Ҳûأ
û¡
̲סִ壬ȷһ㡣
ʲôأ
᲻ҲǻӰ
ٰıมǿõ𣿡
õҲþǱ𡣡
Ӱ
ƺ˽򼧻еĺ⡣֪ŷֿþֳʵĴڡ
ȻЩ˵ŷ˺񣬵Ҳıǲͬġ
⵹һ·֡ԭǵˮΪͽ˹ǵʲͬҲΪ档
ʹˣڣһж˵Ȼǳδ֪
ˣǱͺáΪԤʧĺһء
ʧ˲ңǹม
ǵʱҸоֱּɳһѸٴҵʧ
²Ǳɳһҵʧء
Ļʮ졣
𣿡
Ϊ³ͻȻҲŵˡƽ£Ҿͷˡ
򼧵İΣһ㣬Ҳͬ򼧵İΣ
Ӵ򼧵ĽǶʧǴĽǶʧȴ򼧡
ԵǷʲôˣ
ʣһƫͷ
ҲǺǼִĿĵʱƺܵĳָš
˵š
ʲô˼¶ı飬ش
йɲ֪谭ǡ
谭
򼧵ķʣͷ
ǵġҲ·Ѿסˡǰȫĳģź
ӦôİɡֻЩʧ̾Ϣš
Ҳ֪ʲô谭𣿡
ţΪﻹͦϤġһͷһԽ
Ļһǳ⡣
طô£
ʲôô£
ָųķ
ĵ̨ԭиװˮӣһȥˮӾͬʱʧˡ
˵Ǹ
򼧵˰ɣص˵ͷ
ЩǻӰʧҲȻġ
Ӱ
ûľ󣬴ԼһǻӰ
һǻӰ
һʱ֮仹仰˼һãȻĴ
˵䱾ҲǻӰޣ
šһǰɣ
˵򼧲Դ
һʲô˼
ôͲźأ֮ܶ൱״̬

ϾǽڴԪеĳ
Ԫ졭
ʱͻȻĳ¡
ϸ룬ﲮ֮ǰҲƵء
ɢصĴԪ졪ֳΪѷԪ֮š
һסҲĵط
Ȼ࡭ﲮصסͬĳ𣿣
һֱúܲ˼飬ҪôԪռ佨ס
ʵкܶ֡еȫΪķʽ죬Ҳеһľۺ塣
ľۺ塪Ҳ˵طۺγɵ𣿡
ǵġԭʹĳ֡ġֻ޵ģ㲻ȱοǳԲŻἫȲƽʹõĵط
仰˵һֵĳֻޣ
뵽ǻȻˡ
ʮְĳมвٵط߱˿Ǿסʻ
֮˲ǰ¡
ϸ룬һʼϣ¶ȵķ̺ͼҾ߶һӦȫء
ʱϣ¶Ϊ˵ֿΧԼǣƴץŴ̵ĽšӦʵġ˵Ǹطƺġ
Σ볬ԵĻ³򼧣ǲȫġ
ʱǰ˳˼
˵¿ԽˡȻ޷ͨĻӦôȥȽϺءҲؽ˹ǲȫѡɡ
һ̻ش
СҲܰֿտյĻȥο
ֻϣ¶ȶѣŷҲ򼧱ָŷģû뵽ƺŷֹ̫ۡ
ŷ൱ΣĴС
ղŷмֱǴ֮ˡ粻൱ֵ鷳ǲַӦġ
򼧶ûüϸͻȻʧˡ
ŷ׳ʲôˣ
򼧲ǣ㲻ŷٵΣϣ¶ȸ̡
֮ܶһҵŷС
Ӫϣ¶ȵչж򼧣𽥲һַҳŷɵǿȹ
м㣡
򼧳̤һ
һˣϣ¶ȡǸղǸŮ֮⣬ûһ
ֻһ˼Դ
ֻ֪ǸŮѡ
򼧲ģ׷ʣ
ӦûһˡһͷĿ𷢺ɫļһӦúϣ¶һ𱻴˲Ŷԡ
¶ĵ׸еⲻȥı顣
ǳǸҲûе鱨ΪҲܼϲһһȻô˵ˣӦòɡ൱ҪĿˣ֪£˵һ˴ǲԶ֮ͰɡȻһķÿͣӦÿԲɲ⵽ϢҾ˳ҿɡ
̫ˣлл㡣°ˡ
ôڼڣʵش⸽Ҫܡ
ԵĻҲһҡ
Ҹղ˵ʿǷǳעĿġ߶Ļҿ޷֤İȫһ˷ˣ£˵ᱻɱһ飬Ҿû취ﲮش˽ˡ
ʹˣȻá
ŷղŵʵеڻ
ǡ
Ҫʱǰʳָ˵
ﲮش˷ԸңһҪƽؽ˹ǡ
Ϳɰ෴̵ĳ̶Ҳ֮¡
Ȼԭĵ·סˣҲֻİ취̹˵һʱ֮Ҳ벻ʲô⡣ʱҵȰ棬ܵĻ϶¡ֻڽΪȫĵطĻһŵġ
˵¶˼ı顣
⸽ҲܾңԱȽϲ˿ԵҲȽϰȫǲôˡΪϢмĲ죬˻пܱ˲֮ܶȥͨ·ڼڣҪ뿪
˵زˣҲֻùԹ
ʵ򼧾ôȴֻ˷ʱ䣬Ŀռ޸߶ĻҲ̫³çˡ
˽ϵ״ǰĵǰǲҪжȽ׵
һţһ۲ܡ
ͷһ˳ʱڳ
һ˵صĵطгʳӦֵҵ¡
ǿõȴʳȫû塣
ʹˣڻ˵ĻϲߡΪж鷳ǵòʧ
ȻĿĺڣǼȻԸЭ򼧣Ҳûɲĺ⡣
֪ˡ
򼧲Ըصͷ֮¶Цݡ
ôȥͨ·Ϊʲôᱻס˳鿴Ѱҵˡһ֮ǰԹԴҪܡ

򼧵Ļû˵꣬תȥˡ
ԭصͻĸо
Ե˼ܹ۵ȷģĵĳȻ޷ܵĲ֡
ǲǱĻŪ
ܾǿܿĳЩص㲻̸
ֻ֪ʲôĳ˵ʲôλãԼ;Ȼ֪°ŷϣ¶ȵ˭Ҳá
򼧶Щͷֽ׶ҲҲȷе֤ݡ
֪ˡ
ûУǣ浽µ
ɡһҪʸ
򼧻صĴһ¡ԭʧڵ̨ϵˮ֪ʱðˡװˮľͰҲԭĵط
ȥԱߵǽڡӲֲڵĴкǽһ¡ǽڱҲǻӰһȷдƵģǽϡ
òطȴֻŵȴǲӿ򼧵ͷ
ϣ
Ҫ
ڵ޷ˡ
ҾԻǴȥġ
ԡ
򼧼һᶨ󣬰ϥ֮䡣



6  

Լƺڲ֪˯ˡ
Ժشһ룬ͻȻоеעԼ򼧳Ԩʶ˲両ϡ
ôġ
˭ڿң
ּΪߡ൱Ϥ
ʥޱϣ̤ռʱҲܵͬߡ
򼧲ַ·˷Ͷ߾Ժη
ӵĲüͷߵ˷·˿֮УǱĳƵġ
Ҹ򼧸еԾǡ
ݾԽԽǿˡ
һ޷ĸоֻԼܵĳֲ֪Ϣ֮ǰŨ
ͻȻһ
ΪһעԼ߲ͬϢڸ
̡̡̡
ҧƷ
򼧳ķȥֵ̨һӰ
ǳɫëССޣȫעؿĳֶ
վ
棡
ŷʥޡ
濪ĵҡë׵βͣöСǰŹ̶źɫʵ̵̿õӣ򼧲еͷһѣ
Сһʲô
Ϊʲôŷʥ޻ֵط
ֱڣȻ㲻ֻʥޡȻǸ޺Ĵڣûõĳ̶ȴ˰ʥһ𡣸Ժһɵģȫ²͸ʲôʵ޷ͽ巨ӵеʥͬһ
ŷʥ޽ʵԵֻʣмĹоһŹʵϣٶרĵس
һ㶼û䣬ô̰ԡ
һãȻؿǰĹ⾰ͻȻע⵽һ¡
һ£Եʲô
ע汧ŵĹʵְǿŹʵ˹

۲ͼ

ëʥ޷·ܴƵģ̧ͷճеĹʵû
ôģ
ʵʵ壬ͷбҧĺۼ
򼧽Źʵϵϸһ档ֻ̰Եʥֿĵس
ô£Щûʵ𣿡
ԭʹڴԪеڿռ̫޷ȫﵽÿһ䣬ԲŻطֲ״̬򼧵ġ
жǻӰһͻʧһʱ֮ʧĶָֻԭ״
žƺ¥ɡ
Ȼνĺ¥ȴӡĳݺۡ
Ϊ˸һȷϣٴΰˮ
ȡһˮˮûʧɫʵĴУ򼧲ɻǰˮղҧĹʵΪһɫĹʱƮɢҷĹ㡣ôǻþԶһ㣬սսҧһڡһζɢ
óԡ
򼧴ûгζζĺ
ԯЬûþͰˮˡ
˼ˮȷϹָ֮һ߳ˮһͷ
ʲô
Ϊϴˮ֭ҺŪ֣ҨȡľͰˮ
ñˮϴ˫֮࣬ҲȷϵľͰûͬӰʧ
򼧿ʼⴥ塣ڼϵĲ;ߵȵȡеĶ򼧶ԴõطֻǸǳͨĳ
ǽҲһţ򼧴һͷһССʳﴢҡ
ڵϵװɹɵࡢƽĴ˵컨崹µĺüѬƷԼʽʳġȫʵġ
֮ǰ򼧻طʮΣա
ΪǰȻڼȲ״̬΢̤һذҲʧǾ򼧴˯ڼ䣬ȴشı仯
ص򼧿Աڵֽ̨š
ﱻԵˮûԭǻӰѳΪʵ֤ݡ
򼧱棬ǶԿɰĺ顣
Ϊʲôŷôˣ
򼧵Ļǳɫë΢΢Դ
ǽ˹ǵĻֻ۴ð֡ﲻһλڴԪ쵱С˵Ե޹ʵسֵط
ô˵
ֻһܹٻʥ޵ģֻΪʥ֮ʥ޲ߡ
ŷСһ
ٻ
ٻɲóʥΣ
ǸոտѾôˣȻ˷ٻСһϡ
ʲô̲סҪͷź
ʹˡ
򼧶濪˵
ǱŷٻĻӦ֪ŷڵذɣ
򼧵ѯʣԴգգ۾ִ򼧵Ļϡ
򼧵˼˰ɡӵڵ˼£תȥ
ţԽִȺԭתȥȴ׷
ڳһӣ򼧲ԥ
ΪǰҸ򼧣Ҫ򼧲Ҫ뿪
˵Σյĵطûʲôˡ
ο޴˵δȫòĳȷʵ൱Σԡ˵ҲʾᾡѰŷ
ôʱǲҪȽϺá

ֻʥޱӽŷϾŷ˵ʥޡ
򼧿Լ֡
ϸ룬Լ޴򼧵һۿֻڼ޵򼧲а취ʹõԶԶ֮ͨϡֻǹ޷ؿơ
ʹˣһΣʱӦþͻӿ֡ûְյĻҲ޷شİĳ
սȭͷ¶ġ
֮ҳŷҪ
ϣ¶ȻڲʿԷΪ֮ͣ£ҵݺ״ŷǰеĿ⡣
˵˳ȳϣ¶ȣҪûǼһĻǴҲز˽˹ǡ
˵Լ֮򼧱ڲԶȴԼССޡ



򼧽ӽʱĿռŤ
¸˲䣬ֳһİĳ
ǰĹ⾰ͻȻ仯򼧲ɵ˫ۡ
Ĳʹõƶʽĵص㡣

ǲ֮ǰΪ˴ǰĿĵأͨĻȡ
򼧶Բǽϵ̨ӡ
򼧷ԭҪԽǰ
Ϊʲô
üͷǰ߹ͨΪĳֲ֪ɶס
ƽʱʹõⳡ
Ǹط˳룬ֵĻҲԱȽϵ͡ǵô˵ġ
ʱͻȻķ
ɵسصһͷײȥ
ۣšҰ
æ׷ںŷʥ͸顣
ǡ
ߵһ޴򼧰Ŷͷڵϡ
ʹ
ŵ̧ͷǰĳ顣
ƽʱĻӦͽʥ֮͸Ƚյˡ
ΨһΣȴͷ
ǱˣǱˣֻûüϡ򼧸ö֪
ſϣôš
棡ι棡ûõĶôһٸҴȴֲҽȥһ
ֵطĻǸзȺ±˷ֵĿ־иΪǿң̲סк
ʧʥ޲ûٶ
˲š
Ҹ棬һȴ³
ϸ룬ÿθСһһж³ôá
ȻżҲջ񣬵Ҳ
֪͹ԹҸˡҪʵشȴĻ㲻Ѿ֪ŷڴ鱨ˡ
ŷʥޣԲͨޣɿˡ
Żڲ飬򼧵ָ׹ŵı棬̱³
ڴʱ
ôﴫ˵ͳЦ
Ǹ൱Ц򼧾ȵ̧ͷ
򼧰ڳļʽʱǰͻȻðһƬƺӣаתۼγһ͡
š
һӳ򼧵ǰ
Ʈݵĺɫ̷òˡ൱ϤӰȴǼΪ쳣Ĵڡ

򼧵Լǰδ֮
ɢϢʹǰȻͬԼǲǽдˡ
Ȼڵ֧ȴһڡ
Ϊ˵õޣϣ¶ϣֱȻռŶԷ
һСȻĹ𣿡
ŷϣ¶ȣָʹ·ĺ˴ϣ¶ȵĻ֣Ȼ𡪡
ԤǶԵġ
ԭ޼ϣ¶ڵľˡһֱŷֻûлȷ֤ݶѡ
ӴѾˡ
㻹ûĶ԰ɣ
˫ֻأͶԱӵ
СѾͷһ޴
˵ʲô
¶Цݡ
ûԼˣתҲûԼΣ޵ĳѨУǷˡ
ˣת
ʵ򼧣˵
ΪԼ˵ļһʵŵˡ
仰󣬵һ
˵˭
ȻôʣʵѾԼ˵˭ˡ
ʹˣ򼧻׶𰸡
ش
ǸӴС
Ȼ򼧽ҧ촽
ҡͷ񶨡
ǡСӡ˵ܵﲮصķԸЭҵҮ
򼧲ûرﲮأҲΪﲮǵˡ
ﲮȥüξվ򼧡
ֻҪ֣Ȼ
ԣȷ˵˿ɹֻ
ͬò
˲Ϊ벽ĹŴͬԭҲӦǸӡʵıչ¶Цݵĳֻصһ
ҲֻԸưɡ
򼧵ǰˡ
ŵɡ
򼧵Ļ۾
㲻°ã԰޽ϣ壬Ϊһ˵Ļ𣿡
ԭˣ˵ҲǡҵȽվסء
΢΢
¸˲䣬ıȴ൱ն
˵ĶʵСƤĹĿǰ֧򡣶ԷԶҸΣյĶħ֮ӡΪ˶һжչжҪӲܵĻ㽫ʧȥС
֮üͷ
ʧȥ֡
ûʸ˵ֻˡ
Ϊ˾ͼ򼧵С
չ¶ĵ⣬ͶԷǰϸֳı顣
ˡûбҪҵĻֻҪԼ˫ȥȷˡ
ӵ˵仰󣬵һָ
򼧵ĽŵͻȻɫаĿռ䡣
ϸŵһɡ
򼧾ͱռˡ



˴ĺɫռ򼧵ĽͻȻһ
򼧾Ӷˤ䵽ʯ¶ĵϡ
ء
һʱ֮䣬㲻Լںδ
ܱʯΧǶڲһӲֲڵĵ棬˵Ŵ˵δֿء
ǿˤ˵ʹҡҡλεվ
š
ȥûдҲûȴؿľ򼧺ܿע⵽ԭʲôˡ
ǰƮ˸ڹľ޴ˮ

۲ͼ

ǡʲô
վԭأܸܵһ󼸺ҪԵиͻ᲻֧صѹ򼧼ҪϢ
ʹˣ򼧻ҧأעۺˮ
Ȼ忴ģȻһŵĹԡ
Եĳ塣
屻۷۰ΧƮˮڲ
ˮ֮Уֱ˺һͷҰޡ
ˮڵӰ򼧶ʱĿɿڴ
ŷϣ¶ȡ
һӰǡ
ǽ巨ǡ
ƺȫʧȥʶ
ô¡ﲻȫĵط𣿣
˵ӦһʼҪԼǰĳȻ
ôᡪ
û뵽
ûʱ򡪡һ΢򼧵Է
򼧡
һ൱ϤϢ
ŷŷ𣿡
æʡµŷ
ˮڵŷһҲȴ򼧵Ķߴ
ѵ
̲סʵ
ѵˮŷ
ƺϾҪʧϸ΢ش
š
Ҳ˵ľͱǴڷ״̬ޣ
ŷ϶ѶϢ
ôģĪŷľ壿
ĿǰΪֹŷľӴüΡŷʱþǾʵһ㡣ȻԴŷ°֮ľԽԽڸǸһʱĸо
ɻʵ
Ϊʲôӣŷ
򼧵ʣŷ
ġڡԡ
˿ϸ΢һͷˮ
лȽϾ鱨
˹ĩСֻʻ㣬൱
С˹ĩС׿ء
ŷѵ˵
һɬ˼ӿ򼧵ͷ
ʹˣǷȷϲɡ
ӵС𣿶ԷǲǺڵԹİ˹ĩ֮ͬò
Լоŷصͷʾ϶
Ѿŷˡ
ʵ򼧴㵲ѡ򼧾ȻǸӺŷˡ
Ҫ漴ʱ֣򼧿ȻŲɣԹԴڳȴŷϢɡ
ô
˵ĻȻġ
߻һıǸꡪһҲĳ۲ķչ
ô£
򼧵Ӧòֳ֮
ţ
ЦصڿС
֮ǡ
ǵģǸ˻氮¡˵Ӧøлʡ²ٹأ
̧ͷһ֪ʱԼǰ



7  Կ

עź׿ͬòꡣ
һˬʵı顣
ϸָܲɫʡ
Ȼˡ
ƭң԰ɣ
ǸޣĹ¡
΢΢ƫͷϵı鼸аݡ
˵ﲮطԸңҲƭ˵İɣ
򼧵ʣЦ˳
ĴڸպüֵϾסڽ˹ǣĲҲɵóƺͦģǰһæ
ˬػشûΪеĲϢ㷴ʴӡҲûжɡ
򼧵Щ
ﲮءͬ𣿡
ôһʣͷ˼һ
Ҳ㲻㣬ΪǸ˴Ӹ˵Ǹˡ
Ҳǰ˹ĩɣ
ֻЦģûд𻰡
򼧽ҧ촽
˷ḻȴȫ²͸ǰʲô
еı顢غӴ
ʯն׿أȴࡣ
һʼҴϼװҪңʵһץ𣿡
ԭ㡣
˵ʼ硣ǶͶԺɵ

ֻܵ谭
谭
һɻ򼧣Լǰʳָ
Ҵǰطʱ㲻Ǳ͵ȥ𣿿ͻȻʧĻֽء
򼧻ʱ
˵ܵĳֲ֪š
иŵ˵˭أ
򼧲̧ͷƮڰеˮ˸źɫˮ
屻סǴʲôҲɡΨһпʩչŷ壬ʱпʧƵġ
ʱ򼧾һҪ¡
һ£ŷô
ʲôô
򼧵¶ı顣
ָڰŲԵˮ
ˮʲô
ޡص˵ͷ
ΪǰӰ˹ħŮŮ˺Ȥ¡
˹ħŮŮָ𣿡
ϸ룬ŷ˵ĽݣҲиͶԷһǹŴĩĸס
ĿǸ֮뵽һȡķ
ȡ
ңԶĹȥʧȥǿ
ϸֳı飬˵
ԭΪʧڵص֮еǹû뵽Ȼڵ磬ʵ˵൱ء
˵ʲô
ͻȻתƵĵط򼧸еˡֱֱע򼧣
ҷǳлǣΪǰǹɴ˵˵硣
۾
ʲôѲɡ
šǳȪԴˮһǴȼߵġ۲۵Ʒ
Ļ֮򼧵һ
ǱͲǵĶɣҲԭ
ԭ
¶Ȼı飬̧ͷŷĺɫˮ
ѵŷ
ģ£
ȷûʱͼħʯȡܵǵ
ʱħʯǰĺɫˮʮơֻεˮħʯҪࡣ
ʵұֻȡˮ֮ģǺʩͣСĶȫˡ
ȫ
ԡ㿴Ѿʧˡ
ԴĿ˵
ԭвڸȫʧˡѾˡ
仰򼧾ȵõɴ˫ۡ
æĴѰŷ΢΢ǵҲ
˫һڵء
˿ûеֿĺܸɴطһС
ôᡭ
ͻʵ򼧸е̱Ƿվơ
ս˫ȭ
̧ͷǰꡣ
֪Լʲô𣿡
ʲô£
ŷǷӡŷ˾ԿסһŷʧˣǼһϻ˽š
򼧵ĻֻЦš
㲻õġ
ס
˵Ҷȫˡ
ȫ
̧ͷעԼĺɫˮ
ǸˮȡһУֹضȡԲֻˮǽ˹ӵȫߡʹڻһ˸񣬽Ҳһġ
Ҳעӵˮ
ȡһС
ʱ򼧻ϴŷħʯ顣
ȻˣŷȡӦþǸˮ֮С
ôֻҪȡϴͬķˡʱƻħʯɹ˱
úͽ˹ǵһλɡ˹ͬ
򼧽ʶעԼ֮С
Ϊʱһͷųɣ˹ͬ
޺Ӧ򼧵Ҽ㼯򼧵֡бѣĿĹâտɫĹ֮𽥳͡
ǰ׷ˮǿյģͷʲôҲûС
ס
򼧲첻ѣֵɫԻûȫγɽо߽ˡ
ȷ򼧵ķӦ֮űʾ
ȷʵǲֻȡýˡԾƻҲ޲
ⷬ򼧵һ
ɡ
ͷǿյġƻҲ޲
һɵʵ
Ǳߵȥˣ
ش
ԶʱˮԹͬ
ˮԹͬ
û
򼧵ķʣ˵ͷ
㿴
һָ
ţռ缤ƵŤľɫ˱仯
ԭߵĳͬӰʧ٣ȡֵ֮ׯϵĴ
᫲ƽĵڲ֪бƽޱȣĿռҲڶʱڹʵ塣
Ϣؿǰı仯

۲ͼ

ǡ
ɫġ
޾ɫռ䡣
ƵĹ⾰
ڵԹʱҲͬľɫ
Ľֵ˥ߵĳСյٹⲻڣΪľγһ;ƿݵģ
ʱڵһȻдǾסߵϾͲɫâ
ȻǸ뵽áˮԭʯĿռ䲻ᲢۣǸȷʵԳ
򼧵ڷ
Ϊʲô
΢Цš
͹ȥˮԹͬ
仰˫ۡ
ﱾˮ𡭡
ΪˮԭĴڡ
Ҳ˵Сӽŷڵˮ֮תƵ𣿣
ӳܵĹâͳħĹŴˮ֮һģһ
ޱȵɫԡ
˵ߵĲֻˮ֮Ļ
ʹŷˡ
ǵ˵Ļ
ԭʹڴԪġΪռ̫Դﵽÿ䣬Ժܲ
򼧴˯ڼ䣬ȴĳֱ仯
һͬɳɢˮԼˮеĸд
ﲻĿռ䣬ͻȻӰòǻӰ
Ǹ纣¥㲻ĳӵʵ塣
𽥿ʼŷΪʳ
ԽŷԽǳռҲչֳʵ廯
仰˵
սȭͷ
ŷǱռ䱾ȡ𣿡
򼧵ʣһЦ
ȷ𰸡
Цݣ򼧶ʱеһɾгԼϯ
ԡŻ˵βǴһ
ʱյǱħʯ֮ڣܹ֮ƻ
Ȼ
û취ƻôĿռ䡣
벻ƻķϾԼҲռ֮ڡ
οռѾһˡ
ŷΪʳȫ
ô˵Ļ
ѵ˵ŷ˾Ҳ
ĸ뷨̳֮Է񶨡
ܵġΨǼһԲܡ
Ǹŷ˾ô򵥾ͱ𡭡
򼧳űˮŷŭȣ
ӦûûȫʧŶԣһôױ𣿱װ˺òã
ǽ˹ǵĵڶȻûκηӦ
ôܡ
ľô£
һֱ򼧶ųŷ˾Ĵڡ
ȫζŷȫʧ
ʧ¡
޷顣
ŷͬʱʧ򼧸Ǵû
ûܱã޷ΪŷЩʲô
򼧻Լ֡
һֱΪԼڼ֮Բܷʲô£Ӧöа취Ӧ
ʵ֤̫Ըˡ
ҹȻ޷Ϊɡ˹
Լӵ޵ͬʱҲԲԼ޵Ѿڵʵ
һҲ޷ΪƷʹ
شͷǰ
ĿתƵϣ¶ȵˮϡ
̨ȫˣֻʣȡƷ޶ѡ
仰򼧳һ
ϣ¶ʲô
ֻŷϣ¶ҲŹ
˵Ļ
Ǹ˵򼧽ʧȥУ׼Ǿ仰档
Ʒ̫ܶ˷ˡ
ܶ
޼ϵˡ
ָ𣿣
򼧴ʱ֪ǰδϵʲôֻ֡µһжΪʱˡ
޷Ʒ硣

Ǹ壬Ѿûüֵˡ
ܶص˵
ĹѡõǸܶΪԷѡꡣʹܸҲûáȫµÿһϸֿٳûлָõ֤ݡȻǿҵ־ڷôܸҲͽ޹ܶӦһġ
Ļ򼧶üͷ
°ϣ¶ȵ𣿡
ûǸҪ
ûҪ
ΪҴ׹硣
硭
޷ǰ֮⡣
һһҸΡûʹᣬһΡ硣ҪһС
⻰ʲô˼
֮ʱĽҵĶ
֮С
һɻ¶΢Ц
ޣѡƷѡĶΪˡĴڷǳ״̬Ҫĳͣͬһϣ൱ѡ
ϣ¶Ҫֻһˡ
Ȼϣ¶ȴƾ־ǸˡΪ˱Ǹˡ
Զϣ¶ȶԣ˸пޡ
Ҫ⣬˶ࡣ
ҲˣĸƱػᾭֶҡ
仰˵Ŀǰûץסϣ¶ȵġǸӵˡ
ȻˣֻҪҪĶˡ
ҪĶ
ҪĶֻһǱܶǸˡԸǺǸһҸֵҾʵǸԸʹ޷ʵʵ֣ҲӵΡ
еξ
ܵʵţԶҸΡ
ôܵõϣ¶ȵ𣿡
š
ֻһҮ˵һֻеɣ
Σ硣Ľθߣᰮ硣
ⷬĿɿڴ
ϣ¶˽ʵе׹ٶκġֻ
ȻĴ
ϣ¶Ⱦ͵ǰ׸
Ȼַ
ûע⵽
ʵǡ
鲻ܰõ
õܶ˰첻Ҳõ
Գŵıش
򼧵Ĵ˸
İõҲ˵
˰첻£Ҳа취쵽
ǡȴ޷ͬ
Уô
ҡͷ񶨵򼧣˵
ܱƻҪöˣ𣿡
ԶξУôܻá
ΪʲôԵõҪĶมռӵ壬Ҳ᱾ܵزеĲ졣ԷһжԸأģȡһеĻһҲеҸġ
㲻Ҹ
Ϊʲô
ΪֻǼˡ
ֻҪû㣬ôҲǼֻҪΪһжģôĿУξʵ
ز⣺
ֻһԸ˵ξвϣ¶ȵԸ
ֻԴ
ȻҪôҸأ
ף
ôһʣ򼧶ʱƿԡ׷򼧣
ʹİ˻Ҳ޷ҸΪ˹ǵĵӲܻȫǡ
ⷬ򼧵סǼ˵
㲻ý˹ǵĵӻɱҲ˵ݱһԹ޵ӣҲʧȥޡһ¼޵ġƷеӣпܷŹ𣿡

ηӵͫס
ҿһΣһȷİȫǸҪҲܱԶҸξС
¡
Էʥ޶׾ٵץסˡ˹ӵʥ޸Ϊ壬Ҫֻ޶ѡ޵ġƷѾҵУ޷ٻޡ仰˵δٵ˭Ӻ
˵
˸еΪʵͻ򼧵˲˶ҡ
˵ȷʵе
޷ñ°һȫ巨ԼӲʥǰҲǻͬɡ
Ϊ򼧲벻巨ϣ¶ʲôʹ˳ϣ¶ȴصߣҲ޷֤ϣ¶Ȼʹ˵õҸ㲻¡
񣬾򼧿ҪϢ

뵽̻عæס͡
ôôɵ
һ϶Էĵˡ
ûѾƭһˡ
СƾԲµòƭ
Żݱ
ǰ껹ͼݺԼ
ĵ
ԷɲǼ򵥵Ľɫһ΢¶ͻϮԼ򼧲ͱĻԻ󣬶Ҫ¡
򼧺ݺݵص
ܱǸҲٱƭˡ׼ϣ¶ȳ֡
򼧳ߣʱԵЩˡ
¶ҲûáǸܶһǶԽ˹ǲ⡣Ϊ˸˹Ŵͼ˹ǣԼ˹صһСҲϣ¶ǵҰġ
Ϊʲôô룿
Ϊ߽˹ǵͷޡһͷϣ¶ȵޣһͷҵޡ˵ʲôԭֻȡˮ֮һʼʹӶŷˡ
򼧵ķԡ
ͼõ֤ݡԭʹסҵжΪ㲻ϣý˹ǵ޴ߡ
ͦḻء
ɢõĹԡ
һضꡣ
˹ǻһͷޣǾӵеޡĹܲܵóѻ˵
Σ֮һǸ˹ǵĳӾͻ̳λ
ǰ֮ԲˮĶ֣ΪޱߵԵʡһȡ޵Ļ
޺˥ϵĽ˹޲ͬޡʹõϣ¶ȵޣҲ֤һӮˡ
˵ܾˡ
򼧵Ļܸɴصͷ
ŴҫҲʧม
ҲνֻҪԷҲһʧȻǵġ
ơ
򼧳ԼͶɻ˵
šһͻҲ˫ʧȥޡ˹ԭͲҪ޵ļӻ

ȻܶƺȡˮԸ˹ȥΪûֱҪ
һʱ֮ԶԵ򼧣˵
ʵûбҪϾѾȡʧˮˡ
Ļ˫ۡ
ȥ֧Ű˹ˮȻȡֺα޵ļӻأ
ʱ򼧿ˣ
ǡһж͹ȥͬɣȡصѾһ֧Ű˹ˡԭڳɢƾʣܹǵԸ𣿡
Ц˳
ֻҪ޺ͽ˹ͬھûǿˡΪһϾûбˮǿˡ
򼧲˸
ǰλͼˡ
벻
һаģȴ߻˾˵ı
ΪĿģ뽫ϣ¶ȡ
ġһԶε磬ܵһ˿ʹࡣ
Ϊ¶Ըǿɾʹشˣ
µʲôѾûпɽԱޡ
仰ס˺
ҴûҪ˭ҡ
ʹˡ
ŷѾˡʵȷо
ôǿ˵Ȼǲʵ
跨ϣ¶Ȼص˽˹ǣ巨ҲûҸҲý巨ȡʲôж
˵ƷĽ巨޷ޡοʥֱںɫˮС
ʵϣھͬʧȥޡ
Ҳͬʧȥŷ
Բ޵ʥ޲Ѿˡ
һ൱ġ
Լ֡
ʹܹʹɡ˹Ȼ޷ıʲô
Ϊ޷ֵ֮
ĽܣֻػƷĵߡ
ƾ򼧵һ֮޷ػ˹ǡԼ׷˹ǵܱġ
ŷʧ塣
ʱ򼧺Ȼĳ¡

òְԼؿڡ
ڿ֮˵λá
ม
һشķ֡
޻ҵڡ
ûбŵļ
ɾǡٴοԼ֡
ղý޵ϡ
ź֮ʱҲȷʵӦ򼧵ĺ򼧵γɾ
Ҳ˵Ȼ򼧵֮ڡ
Լδ֤ݡ
Ȼˡ
ûʧ
򼧵¶ˡףı顣
˵һΡ
ûʧ
򼧻ػܡ
ûΪʲôûע⵽أ
һֱһָо
һֱ˭ŵĸо
˷ͶĲߡ
ߵ˲ǹϢǰаȻͬ
ȻҲ
ǹ׶ޱȵϢǡ
ŷ˾
Դ̤˵غ󣬾һֱܵߡ
ÿ䣬Ϣ
ʱ򼧴ġ
Ǽһ
ûʧܻʧ
ԸоõϢ
ռ䶼ܸоĴڡ
򼧴е
ŷ˾
ĵ׺֡
׽ԲѾˣҳ
ںӦ򼧵ĺһ㣬ͻȻԶ½
ƺҲ״ˡ
һͬ򼧵ǰ۳Σбɫ⡣
֮󡪡
ڶĻ֮£Ǹˡ



8  ŷ˾

˸еëȻĴھվ
ɫУûеҲûŭ⡣
ֻǹɳ˵ѹƣֶ̺ܵϢ򼧻Ƥ
ƴҪ˵صĳ嶯ϢעǸӰ
ɫسȥ
ע⵽ˡ
򼧽ҧ촽
ôаߣ֮ûбˡ
򼧵Ļŷ˾˿Ц
Լ߶Իƺú졣
һ棬һ˼ؽǰˡ
ô£Ϊʲô㻹ûʧӦȫȡ˲Ŷԡ
ŷ˹΢΢
Ϥ׶顣
˵ûұ
Ϊʲô
ǾĳƵģһ˲¶ɻ飬ǻȻصૣ
㡭ͬ𡭡
ŷ˹¶Ц

۲ͼ

ھҵĶ

ռŷ˹Ϣ
û⵽ռɡ
෴أռ䡣
֧ˣŷ˹
һ㶼û䡪ȻǸ˵Ĺ
²ͨ˰õġ
Ȼŷ˾ĴڱͺΪ࣬ٻһ塣
ȻǰȴĲΣʵĴڡ
һֱй۲һһû뵽Ŀôġ
¶Ŀǰ̬еı飬ŷ˾˵
Ϊƾֻɫ𣿡
в̲ס̾һ
ȷʵǵ֮ȻҴܶ˵£ŹȻȲĿõС
ǲǰ仰ΪͶԣŷ˾ؾ֡
¸˲䣬ĿռһУһ֧ۡ
Ƭ̣ǹɫâľ޴
ŷ˾߾ٹͷ
Ѿõ
򼧼״дһ֪ŷ˾Ҫ
æУ
ס֣ŷ˾
򼧵ûдǰħ˵Ķ
˵ǰͷ·ӵġеĳڶҷˡ

һؿǰĶ֡
ŷ˾Ƿ΢Ц
ǵͬ񶼾ۼÿԽϾɱ
ŷ˾
򼧷ź֮ͶΪ֮ߡ
ǲСӦõĳͷ
һ£ҲﰡʩչǹĻҲᱻٵģ
Σûļ⡣
仰򼧵һ
Ĵɹ𣿡
Դŷŷ˾˼ػش
Ҳ˼ġ
ĽǶûȷʵȽڡΪ˵ֻѡ
赲ŷ˾ǰ
ܷŷ˾Ϊ
ǲֻ壬ͬʱҲŷ塣
ϧǼһϢʧˡ
ŷ˾õĿ˵
ٴתƵϡ
ڰϵɫƵģת⿪ʼʶĿžĵͬʱĹâҲ֮͡
ڰѹ򵱳߲Ū֮࣬ŷ˾ȻŹ
ŶԷߣ˵
ԭΪðˮܷӡסˣû뵽㾹Ȼز
ŷ˾עԽԽĹ֮ۺ塣
ԭ֮ǰȡȴû뵽ʽ
ŷ˾ĳӦʼδİɡ
ҲϾԶԶ֮ܶϵ
¶΢Ц
ʹĿŷ˾Ҳһ˿ηɫ
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ĿǰΪֹûŷ˾ʱܲľġ
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òߵһˣû취
֮Ҳ߾֡ҪԿǰµĹ
ŷ˾ûȴֳС
Ʒͬʱŷ˾Ҳʩչ˹
ڵĹδѵȴգһۣҪһ㣬վԭһҲ

ס˺
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ŷ˾ֱǰһ̣һ۵һɢ˿
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š
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ŷ˾ͷųûʧǱһֻͬ״ָ
һͻȻ򼧵ǰ
൱ϤϤϤӰ˵ǸǾԲܳġ
ƽͷɢħɫʵɫ
Ǹڱһ㣬վǰõֽⲨ׶Ĺ
·뾵еԼŵĻ桪
ŷ˾
ӵͬò֮䣬ͬ㼱ת֮ʣҲʧȥнķ
ǿķѹϯĺڷͣ򼧵ϡ
ϵĺҲŷƴڶ
ھҵ£򼧹վŶǿ
ŷ˾۾ֱԼһģһ
ȤİϷ
ŷ˾Ļ֮΢΢ͷش
ǵδءǱƲѲų²ߵġһڴSҲԼж͡
ЩεĿ˵
ܹԹʧĻȻãδػᾡ⣬ҿΪԷһһա
ա
Ԥŷ˾ͬòꡣ
ϾܹӡסԿֻһѡ
仰򼧲˫ۡ
ԿסѲɡ
עվǰӰ
ԭΪһŷ˾ˡ
ŷŷ𣿣
ϸűķѹŽ𷢵һꡣ
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Էȷʵûŷ˾ֲϢǰŷȴҲ֪ŷ
Ƕɫвκθ飬ֱżһն
֪ûʧİĸУĸоǿҡ
ŷĻ
򼧰ĿƵϡ
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¶΢Ц
ûʲôֻǽƴˡҰѼҪʧڿеٻ˳
ƴա
һʱ֮޷֮⡣ͶԳɻ
Ȼû취Կǹȴа취֤ݾǡ
һõעŷ

۲ͼ

ŷ˾֮ŷǱݵĿܰ㣬һֻ֡
ǣľۺ塣ֻǰĹֱøӴˡ
ֱҪѴ֮ȫսȥһ㣬̰׶Ѹš
Կµٶȡһ˸ŷ˾Ŀ¶׹⡣
Կף߲߳ܰȻ΢Сݡ
仰Ȼûܴڵŷ
ŷָֻʾ϶ȥŷ˾
Ȼһʼ˫ƾУۺȴƫŷǱߣҲó˭ռϷ硣
ǡŷԭ𡭡
ϢעǰĹ⾰
һֱ򼧶Կеˡ
ȥνķӡŷ˾ôһ¡
򼧲֪Ϊ˳ŷھȻǱ˾޴
Ͼŷչֹ
ŷ޷ԼʶȨʱʹҲ˵
ΪԿ׵֤
ŷ˾һ壬Ҳ֪Բ
Ϊܹӡŷ˾Ҳʵ˭ǿʹˡ
ʹˣۼʶ֮ǰ򼧲û˽
򼧽ҧ촽
Ȼʽ
Ȼʽʩչ߲ܵݵ£չֳԭе
ŷ˾λõŷ֮⵽ã϶롣
Ҫŷ˾Ļ
ʱŷͻȡŷ˾Ŀֲڡ
򼧵ıֱð亹
һӿͷ
ԣŷ
عʱźš
ѹ
ŷ޷򼧵Ľк
е
ס֣ô
ȥŷʧġԼԤС
ָĴڻ𡣶ŷòʶŷĿ־Ϯ򼧣򼧲øǺá
ҲѾʶŷˡ
һʧֱ´
ʹˣ򼧻ֹ
ϣܱԼϤŷ
ǼȻĶҲ޼ƿʩ
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ǷһĨЦݡ
ҿɲԹʧ
ͳŵ洫˲
¸˲䡪֮ۺ壬Ȼһͣը˿
޷ֿͻĳ˲䱻ɡ
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ܵʹᴩȫ



ͻȻõļžΪʹģʶʱ˲١
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Ŵӵ
ǰŷڵϡ
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ıըӦŷ˾ıΪɡ
Ǹ׶ħ˸ǲʵʧġ
ҧͱ鲼ȫľʹҡҡλεվ
һˣѾûˡ
֮Σб򼧡ʹˣ򼧻Ϊǿҵʹʧȥʶ
ǱķѵʹŽŲߵŷԡ
һƨɹڵϣŷʱŷ۾ͻȻ˿
۾򼧡
򼧣
ǰŷɻ
˫ۡ
֪˭𣡣
·á˺۵򼧣ŷϸֳʹ顣
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ϴĻ
ҲҪ
סŷ֡
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㡭
̧ͷһ
ԭӡŷˮѾˡ
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Ž巨ʥϣ¶ȵˮҲòƱղŵĳƻˡ
ϣ¶ȡ
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ʹˣûʶ
ͼϣ¶ȣϵľʹʱŷԮ֡
򼧱ϣ¶ȡ
˼
˵仰󣬽ŵͻȻ

򼧸еɻʱľͻȻɳı仯
ٶȱرʯΧĶߡ
ȵæܣӰ

ûбղŵĳ
һ˲ţƮڰС
֧򼧲ɵ۾
㡪
ǸܶˡЩֻıƳһۡ
Ŀ˵СҲѧѵ˰ɣùԸЧġ
ķԣ
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Ծֿ˵ǸòС
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ǰĹ⾰˵
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ĵ׸еźĻӰ㵱ʧˡ
ͬһʱ䣬ҲʧӰ١
ֻ㶵վԭء
ŷ򼧵ļ
򼧡
Ϥ򼧻ع
ŷ
ĳŲ˶ˡ
Ų˶á
仰ٴλܡʱŵµ㶼ˡ
¶ڱаɡ
ڻΪʲôݱ򼧣ŷ˸򵥵˵
ռܵŷ˾Ĵܸģܸղŵľ޴ĻǻᱻԪġ
Ԫ𡭡
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վվȵ򼧣ôŷϡ
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̫ˣûʧ
ƣ򼧻ر˫ۡ
¸˲䣬һֱƾѵ򼧣ôʧȥʶ

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ϤĴϡ
գգۣŤŤӡ
һתͷͿŷһĵעԼ
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صҪ򼧲ɵüͷ
ȻʹѾˣȴδָ
ֱ̧ۣһ˺۶ûС
ǿϰԼ塣
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Ѿǵڼأ¶˿Ц
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ԭǧҲ˿ûжޣҲʼûӦ򼧵ˡΪػԼġƷһСֵ򼧡
Ϊʲôأ
򼧲֪𰸡
ȴĳֲ˼İĸаΧš
Լڸı䡣
գգۣͻȻʲôƵŷʵ
ŷ˾أǸӦòôʧɣ
š
Ȼޣ
Ϊŷ˾Ǳ尡ֻԿװˡ
֮ԿʧûΪŷӡסԵʡ
Żڱļ֮ǰŷһ֮
㲻ĶҲ˵
ŷ˾ķٶȴʹŷָ
ûĻŷܻ֧֮¡
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š
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ŷ̯ƣһССĹâĸ֡
ǵ΢Ĺâ򼧶ŷȻӵйŴˮһ¸еʮ졣
㲻ֻȡԼߵˮ֮Ҳһȡ𣿡
ŷش
ȫ
ס
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򼧵ķʣŷͷ
ţҹȡԼѾ߾ȫˡ˵ԭͲҵǾû
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ͼԼ˶ԭ¡
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̾һ
ҲǴԼԸ˰ɡϾѾȡһĸߴˮˡ
򼧲ûԼ١
ŷٶȻصԼߣֻһ
ǵģһΪûء
ŷͶߡ
ŷ¶ı顣
Բû뵽ᷢ¡Ҳûдˡ治ø˵ʲôźá
ŷһ벻Լ˺򼧰ɡ
Ҫޱ򼧣Ҳɥˡǲ뵽£ŷԵɫࡣ
򼧵¶㵵ı顣
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ܲˣΪʲôһҪʱرٶ۰
ҵ˼˵׼Ҳעʱʧ
Բ𡣡
ŷٴεǸ
ô׾ʧҺΪ˶Կŷ˾ٻĻںܿѾˡ
˵ŷǺǿģϾзӡǸŷ˾ʵ
Ϊʲôô򵥵ʧأ
ϸ룬һﱻ巨¶ɱʱҲǺ׵ؾͽԼء
ȻԼûִ̫š
ҪøǿһУȢΪ޵Ļ
仰ŷȵ۾
򼧡
ŷͷעı飬һ˵
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˵򼧰ŷͷԼ





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ϻ֮󡭡
Ӣ𡭡
ȻٲӢۡ
Ӣʲô
ԶߣԭƻһУŬǸһɫӢۡ
ƻʵдŷȻһѶȡ
ŷѾŬˡ
λܹů۹⣬עԶԵ;ŷԼ򼧣һܸ˵ġ
⣬æдڼ䣬ҼҵĹȫҰԻ״̬ˡ
ôݲźأÿһͷǰĲҹ⾰ʱ;Լǵһ㡣
ڹ;ᱻǵġţǽǰڸڵķ䣬ȻһͻῪʼΪ
ÿȥϲʱ򣬹Ǿͻᷢġ佱ҷҲϣǰɡ
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ǺƤù⻬ϸ¡ʹ˯߲˶㣬ƤҲȻޱȣʱڣͨúܲ
ĳ˵һΪѵѡ⡣
⻬ϸµƤڲ֪ӵء
˷գΪ·գ˼дϣ

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Ȼÿ궼Щ߲ˣÿοճɵʱڶǡظصһֱûлԺúƷԼҵ߲ˡ
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Ǵײ˵ĻܲĻȵȡ
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ʵ߲˲Ϊ˿ֻÿ߲˶ῪھӶΪǻ˼һϲܲɡԽ
ϣԳԵԼֵİܲ
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